ACS — Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare

Summary

HORVU.MOREX.R3.4HG0410340 (HvACS) on barley chromosome 4H encodes a member of the AMP-binding protein family, with domains including AMP-bd_C and ANL_N_sf. The enzyme exhibits multiple CoA ligase activities, including 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, acetate-CoA ligase, and propionate-CoA ligase activities (EC 6.2.1.12). In barley, this gene is associated with cinnamic acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, phytoalexin biosynthesis, and ethylene biosynthesis. It is linked to defense responses, responses to jasmonic acid and ethylene, circadian rhythm, fruit development and ripening, and regeneration. The protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Additionally, HvACS is associated with stem rust. Studies of related genes in other species link the group to additional CoA ligase activities (EC 6.2.1.1, 6.2.1.17, 6.2.1.78).