HMA4 — Triticum turgidum subsp. durum

Summary

TRITD7AV1G252760 (HMA4) on durum wheat chromosome 7A encodes an HMA domain-containing protein with P-type ATPase activity, annotated as a copper, zinc, cadmium, potassium, and sodium transporter. It is associated with copper ion transport and homeostasis, detoxification, cellular response to copper, hyperosmotic salinity response, proton export, and ion membrane transport. The gene is linked to traits including copper sensitivity, drought tolerance, oxidative stress response, high temperature stress response, leaf senescence, stomatal opening and closure, germination rate, root and flower development, flowering time, and arsenic concentration. Localization evidence connects it to the vacuolar membrane, Golgi membrane, chloroplast thylakoid membrane, and endosome. Studies of related genes in other species link the family to histone methylation, transcriptional activation, and dehydration stress response, and to grain yield, grain zinc and iron content, and panicle size.