HMA4 — Triticum turgidum subsp. durum

Summary

TRITD7AV1G087830, designated HMA4 in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) on chromosome 7A, encodes a P-type ATPase with heavy-metal-associated domains, annotated with copper, zinc, cadmium, potassium, sodium, and calcium transporter activities. The gene is associated with copper ion transport and homeostasis, detoxification of copper ions, cellular hyperosmotic salinity response, proton export, and regulation of root morphogenesis. It has been linked to traits including copper sensitivity, drought tolerance, oxidative stress response, leaf senescence, flowering time, germination rate, stomatal opening, and arsenic concentration. Localization annotations include the vacuolar membrane, Golgi membrane, chloroplast thylakoid membrane, and chromatin. Studies of related genes in other species connect the family to histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, defense response, and dehydration stress response, as well as to grain yield, grain zinc and iron content, and panicle size.