HMA4 — Triticum turgidum subsp. durum

Summary

TRITD4BV1G171580 (symbol HMA4) on durum wheat chromosome 4B encodes a P-type ATPase with divalent and monovalent copper transporter activity, cadmium-exporting ATPase activity, and zinc transporter activity. The gene is associated with copper ion transport, cellular copper homeostasis, and detoxification of copper ions, as well as iron ion membrane transport, proton export across the plasma membrane, and cell pH regulation. It has been linked to root morphogenesis, lateral root development, quiescent center organization, floral organ identity specification, and actin cytoskeleton organization. Traits connected to this gene include copper sensitivity, drought tolerance, oxidative stress response, high temperature stress response, leaf senescence, stomatal opening and closure, germination rate, flowering time, and root and leaf morphology. Studies of related genes in other species link the family to histone H3K4 methylation, transcriptional activation, and dehydration stress response.