ACS — Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare

Summary

HORVU.MOREX.R3.5HG0504700 (HvACS) on barley chromosome 5H encodes a 4-coumarate--CoA ligase, an enzyme with ATP-binding and CoA-ligase activities that acts on a range of substrates including acetate, propionate, medium-chain fatty acids, cinnamate, caffeate, ferulate and 2-methylbutanoate. The gene is associated with multiple biological processes, notably phenylpropanoid and cinnamic acid metabolism, phytoalexin biosynthesis, green leaf volatile production, ethylene biosynthesis and response, defense responses, fruit development and ripening, circadian rhythm, and regeneration. It is linked to the trait stem rust. The encoded protein localises to the cytosol and a peroxisomal compartment. Studies of related genes in other species place the family within the broader acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) groups, with additional connections to EC 6.2.1.1 (acetate-CoA ligase) and EC 6.2.1.34 (medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase).