HMA1 — Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Summary

BvHMA1 (BVRB_1G010070) on sugar beet chromosome 1 encodes a P-type ATPase with heavy-metal-associated domains, annotated as a copper, zinc and cadmium transporter. The gene is associated with detoxification of zinc, copper and cadmium ions, metal ion homeostasis, and response to cobalt and toxic substances. It has been linked to photosynthetic electron transport, regulation of root morphogenesis, and cellular responses to copper. Traits connected to BvHMA1 include copper sensitivity, drought tolerance, bacterial disease response, leaf senescence, flowering time, germination rate, and stomatal opening and closure. The product localises to the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, vacuolar membrane, Golgi membrane, and chromatin. Related genes in other species link the family to copper transport, photosensitivity under high light, zinc detoxification, cadmium translocation, and heavy metal tolerance.