PINA — triticum aestivum

Summary

TRAESCS5D02G004100, symbol PINA on bread wheat chromosome 5D, encodes the PINA protein, a member of the bifunctional inhibitor/lipid-transfer protein/seed storage family. The gene product possesses serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity, nutrient reservoir activity, and toxin activity. PINA is associated with grain texture, kernel hardness, and seed hardness, as well as grain tenderness, seed texture, and flour yield. It is linked to pre-harvest sprouting, starch breakdown, endosperm development, and defence response to bacteria. Associations also include thousand-grain weight, grain width, seed weight, seed size, protein content, stripe rust, and disease tolerance. The protein localises to the extracellular region and membrane. Studies of related genes in other species link the family to grain hardness and pathogen resistance.