ARD — Triticum turgidum subsp. durum

Summary

TRITD1AV1G217520, designated TtARD on durum wheat chromosome 1A, encodes a protein with acireductone dioxygenase (both Ni²⁺- and Fe²⁺-requiring) and peroxidase activities, and belongs to the ARD_euk and RmlC-like cupin superfamilies. It is also annotated as a transcriptional co-regulator. The gene is associated with chloroplast photosystem I localisation and stabilization, photosynthetic NADP⁺ reduction, cell redox homeostasis, and hydrogen peroxide catabolism. TtARD is linked to seed longevity, heading time, leaf and flower morphology, seed yield, and responses to biotic stress, viral disease, high temperature, osmotic stress, and ethylene. Associations also include root mass density, nitrate uptake, stomatal resistance, and jasmonic acid content. Studies of related genes in other species link the family to submergence adaptation, salt tolerance, and root architecture, as well as viral defense.