HMA1 — Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Summary

BvHMA1 (BVRB_9G214990) on sugar beet chromosome 9 encodes a heavy-metal-associated domain protein with P-type ATPase activity, annotated for copper, zinc, cadmium and calcium transporter activities as well as histone methylase functions. The gene is associated with detoxification of zinc, copper and cadmium ions, metal ion homeostasis and transport, response to toxic substances, photosynthetic electron transport, and regulation of root morphogenesis. It has been linked to traits including copper sensitivity, drought tolerance, disease tolerance, oxidative stress response, high temperature stress response, flowering time, germination rate, leaf morphology and senescence, root development, stomatal opening and closure, nitrate uptake, and cell growth and development. The protein localises to chloroplast thylakoid and envelope membranes, vacuolar membrane, chromatin, and the trans-Golgi network. Related genes in other species are associated with copper transport, zinc detoxification, cadmium tolerance and translocation, and photosensitivity under high light.