ATM1 — Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Summary

BvATM1 (BVRB_4G096860) on sugar beet chromosome Bvchr4_un.sca026 encodes a thioredoxin domain-containing protein with protein-disulfide reductase activity, NADP binding, and enzyme activator and inhibitor activities. It is associated with multiple metabolic processes including glucose, sucrose, and trehalose metabolism, the pentose-phosphate shunt, aerobic respiration, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The gene is linked to stress responses, detoxification, and anion transmembrane transport. Localization evidence connects it to the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, stroma, envelope, stromules, vacuole, apoplast, and cell wall. Associations with agronomic traits include photosynthetic rate, stomatal opening and closure, leaf relative water content, root thickness, germinability at low temperature, and disease and salt tolerance. Studies of related genes in other species link the family to pathogen resistance, salt stress tolerance, and mitochondrial membrane potential.